Everything You Need to Know About Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs): Types, Benefits & Applications

Everything You Need to Know About Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs): Types, Benefits & Applications

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Safety is your ultimate adventure companion when exploring the open water. Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) are your lifeline, built to keep you safe while you dive into the thrill of fishing, paddling, sailing, or boating. Knowing what a PFD is and how it works could be the game-changer in your next water escapade. 

With a swarm of information out there, what is true about PFDs? This guide will set the facts straight and take you through the essentials. By the end, you'll know what’s true about life jackets and PDFs and how to apply it to your next adventure. 

What Is a Personal Flotation Device (PFD)?

A Personal Flotation Device (PFD) is a water safety tool designed to help a person stay afloat. It maintains buoyancy by keeping your head and upper body above the surface. PFDs are used in boating, kayaking, fishing, and more, ensuring you’re protected even in emergencies.

 Difference Between a (PFD) and a Life Jacket?

- Example of a level 50 PFD (The Podium 50 - available in the UK)

What’s the Difference Between a Personal Flotation Device (PFD) and a Life Jacket?

Which statement about life jackets is true? 

A.) Life jackets are a personal flotation device 

B.) Personal flotation devices and life jackets are the same thing

If you guessed A, you would be right. 

Life jackets are actually a type of PFD, specifically designed to keep your airways protected. However, not all PFDs are life jackets. There’s a whole range of PFDs out there, each built for different levels of buoyancy and thrill. 

Whether you’re paddling, kayaking, reeling in a big catch, or cruising into the unknown on a boat, there’s a PFD tailored to keep you safe and comfortable (and they’re not all life jackets!).

Here are a few key differences between a PFD and a life jacket:

  • PFD is a term that encompasses all flotation devices. You can find PDFs that are lighter and designed for specific activities like paddling or fishing; however, they might not always guarantee face-up flotation for unconscious individuals.

  • Life Jackets, on the other hand, provide the highest level of safety. If you're wondering which PFD will turn most unconscious persons face-up, the answer is life jackets.

When Is the Best Time to Wear a PFD?

Maybe you’re wondering…when is the best time to wear a PFD? 

The answer is simple: always. 

Whether you're navigating calm waters or challenging rapids, wearing a PFD at all times minimizes the risk of accidents. Even expert swimmers benefit from the added safety of flotation devices.

Buoyancy and PFDs

When it comes to choosing personal flotation devices, buoyancy matters. As put by National Boating Safety School, 

“Buoyancy is the force that enables a boat to float. According to Archimedes’ principle, an object will float as long as the volume of water it displaces is equal to or greater than the weight of the object. For example, if your boat weighs 10 kg, it will float as long as the volume of water it displaces is equal to or greater than 10 kg.”

In other words, the more force acting on you, the more buoyancy aid you’ll need.

They also added that for a laid-back paddle on the lake, a personal flotation device with a standard buoyancy of 70 newtons will be more than adequate, as 1 Newton is equal to 0.225lb. 

But if you're charging through wild whitewater, you may require higher buoyancy for rougher waters.

Which of these is an important rule for PFDs? Always match the buoyancy level to your activity, environment, and body weight.

Body weight plays a significant role in determining the proper buoyancy level. According to the United States Coast Guard's Boating Safety website, most adults only require 7 to 12 pounds of buoyancy (31 to 53 Newton) to keep their heads above water.

Have any questions? Review our resource about buoyancy and how to choose the right buoyancy for you.

Adult PFDs and Certification Map

Governing Bodies for PFDs

When it comes to safety on the water, ensuring your personal flotation device meets the right standards is paramount. Whether you're kayaking through Canadian lakes, setting sail on U.S. waters, or exploring international seas, personal flotation devices play a crucial role in keeping adventurers safe. To ensure reliability, PFDs must meet stringent regulations set by global governing bodies. 

Here's what you need to know:

Transport Canada (TC) 

Transport Canada oversees marine safety standards in Canada, making sure all personal flotation devices meet their rigorous safety requirements. Any PFD sold in Canada must be TC-approved, providing peace of mind for outdoor enthusiasts.

United States Coast Guard (USCG) 

Like Transport Canada, the United States Coast Guard oversees marine safety standards in the US. United States Coast Guard approved life jackets and US Coast Guard approved flotation devices are non-negotiable for anyone venturing out into U.S. waters. Any USCG-approved personal flotation device must meet strict Coast Guard flotation device ratings, ensuring they're built to withstand emergencies.

From their list of Coast Guard approved flotation devices, you'll find options for every activity, all categorized under USCG personal flotation device types. These US Coast Guard approved PFDs include everything from high-performance vests to recreational Coast Guard approved floats, ensuring adventurers are covered for every waterborne scenario.

ISO Standards for Personal Flotation Devices 

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets globally recognized standards for personal flotation devices, ensuring safety and reliability. ISO certifications, such as ISO 12402, cover various types of PFDs, including life jackets and buoyancy aids, with rigorous testing for performance, durability, and user safety in different conditions. 

Thanks to these governing bodies, every PFD type, USCG or otherwise, has been rigorously tested to provide reliable protection. 

PFD Terminology

When it comes to water safety, terms like life vest, life jacket, personal flotation device, and life preserver are often used interchangeably, but each has its own nuances.

As mentioned before, the term personal flotation device is a broad term that includes all gear designed to help you stay afloat. This means everything from life vest categories and life jacket categories to an ever-handy inflatable personal flotation device.

paddleboarding belt personal flotation device

Life vest categories are all about comfort and mobility, making them perfect for general water activities like paddleboarding or swimming. If you're looking for lightweight gear that doesn’t get in the way of your adventures, this is the go-to choice.

For something a bit more robust, explore life jacket categories. These provide extra buoyancy and are often mandatory for activities like boating. They’re designed to keep you afloat in emergencies, giving you peace of mind while you focus on the thrill of the water.

Lastly, there are life preservers—those classic ring-shaped devices. They’re often used in rescue situations and are a must-have for larger boats or docks. Understanding the different types of personal flotation devices ensures you’re prepared for any water adventure.

How are PFDs Approved Internationally?

We spoke a little about the governing bodies, but in this section, we’ll get into how they actually measure what is or isn’t considered a PFD. These approvals ensure different types of personal flotation devices meet the high standards in place, giving you the confidence to explore with no limits. 

United States Coast Guard (USCG) Approval 

In the U.S., the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) approval is your ticket to peace of mind for all things PFD and life vest categories. This certification guarantees your personal flotation device is built to handle the challenge, meeting strict standards for buoyancy, durability, and performance. 

The USCG has transitioned from the traditional "Type" classification system for Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) to a performance-based system. This new approach categorizes PFDs into levels—50, 70, 100, and 150—emphasizing their effectiveness and performance rather than just buoyancy (but more on that in the next section...)

What stays the same is whether you're paddling serene lakes, fishing in choppy waters, or riding ocean waves, the type of life jacket categories or life preserver types you choose will depend on your adventure and your vessel. 

Transport Canada (TC) Approval 

For Canadian explorers, Transport Canada (TC) approval is the gold standard for different types of personal flotation devices. In conjunction with USCG certification, TC approval ensures your personal flotation device meets rigorous standards by using the same level system (which again, we’ll get to in a second). 

From paddling along stunning shorelines to conquering the rapids, selecting the right inflatable personal flotation device or other personal flotation device type is essential for safe and exciting Canadian water adventures. 

ISO Standards for Personal Flotation Devices 

ISO standards are developed through a consensus-driven process involving experts from around the world, ensuring they reflect best practices and cutting-edge safety measures.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards provide guidelines for personal flotation devices (PFDs), ensuring safety across various water activities. ISO 12402 outlines requirements for PFDs, including buoyancy levels, performance classes, and design features to suit different conditions, from sheltered waters to offshore environments. PFDs are categorized into buoyancy aids (Level 50) and lifejackets (Levels 100, 150, 275), with options for inherent, inflatable, or hybrid buoyancy.

Understanding USCG, TC, and ISO standards equips you to choose the best inflatable personal flotation device or other different types of personal flotation devices for your next great escape.

But remember—regulations vary depending on where you are. Always check the local requirements to ensure your personal flotation device keeps you safe, wherever your adventures take you.

Understanding the different types of safety gear is essential—now let’s take a closer look at the classifications of personal flotation devices.

What are Personal Flotation Device Classifications?

In 2014, the Coast Guard introduced a game-changing rule to simplify and improve how different types of personal flotation devices are labeled, aligning U.S. standards with Canada’s. This shift aimed to make PDFs, such as life jackets, easier to understand and better suited for adventurers on the water. 

The Legacy USCG PFD System 

Before the update, life jacket categories and other personal flotation device types were a bit confusing: 

  • PFD Types: PFDs were classified into Types I, II, III, IV, and V, with each type serving a specific purpose. 

  • Intended Use: Labels vaguely indicated activities like “Paddling” or “Sailing,” but weren’t always easy to interpret. 

  • Limited Approval: Life vests were approved only in the U.S., limiting their use for cross-border trips. 

The New USCG/Transport Canada System 

The new system simplifies personal flotation device types and improves usability for adventurers. Here’s what’s new: 

  • Performance Levels: Instead of “Types,” we now have clearer performance levels: 50, 70, 100, and 150. These levels let you know exactly how your personal flotation device will perform. 

  • Activities Not Approved For: Labels now specify what the PFD isn’t designed for, like high-speed sports or jet skiing. 

  • Unified Standards: Thanks to collaboration with Transport Canada, your inflatable personal flotation device is now approved for use in both countries. 

As we put in our most recent article: 

Now, in 2025, the U.S. Coast Guard is introducing another major rule change. Here are the key takeaways:

  • No New "Type" Approvals: While existing approvals that may refer to "Type" remain valid for legal carriage requirements (i.e., what must be carried on a boat to meet regulations), no new Type classifications will be issued to PFDs entering the market.

  • Level 50 Accepted: The U.S. Coast Guard will now approve Level 50 devices alongside Level 70. These lower-buoyancy PFDs must be worn to meet legal carriage requirements on a boat.

  • Level 100 Defined for Commercial Use: Devices in this category will be approved specifically for commercial applications and are designed to establish an airway-protected position in the water.

Read that full article here

What Are the Personal Flotation Device Levels?

Choosing the right personal flotation device could make all the difference in your safety and comfort on the water. Here’s a breakdown of the different levels of personal flotation devices now available: 

  • Level 50 Buoyancy Aid: Minimal flotation for strong swimmers in calm water. Not self-turning. 

  • Level 70 Buoyancy Aid: A versatile option for recreational boaters, replacing the old Type III. No self-turning ability. 

  • Level 100 Life Jacket: High flotation with some self-turning ability. Ideal for calmer water but provides solid safety. 

  • Level 150 Life Jacket: Built for offshore adventures, offering maximum flotation and self-turning ability for rough conditions. 

What Do PFD Icons Mean?

The updated system includes easy-to-read icons that make selecting the right personal flotation device straightforward: 

  • Turning Icons: Show whether the device can turn an unconscious person face-up in the water. Options include: 

    • No turning ability 

    • Turns most wearers face-up 

  • Not Approved For Icons: Clearly indicate which activities the personal flotation device isn’t designed for, such as: 

    • Water skiing 

    • Towed sports 

    • Personal watercraft, like jet skis 

These icons help ensure you’re always choosing the right personal flotation device for your adventure. 

understanding PFD Icons

What Do PFD Labels Mean?

The new labels provide all the info you need to choose and maintain your foam or inflatable personal flotation device: 

  • Size Panel: Lists approved body weight and chest size in both imperial and metric units. 

  • Warning Panel: Highlights “not approved for” icons and safety warnings. 

  • Maintenance Panel: Shares tips for inspecting, storing, and caring for your PFD. 

  • Certification Panel: Confirms approval by the U.S. Coast Guard and Transport Canada, along with manufacturer details. 

With these updates, understanding what is personal flotation device classifications and how to use it has never been easier. Whether you’re exploring calm lakes or braving rough seas, the right PDF classifications, life jacket categories, and life preserver types will keep you safe while fueling your next big adventure.

infant pfd

What Else Should I Know About Personal Flotation Device Types?

  • Some personal flotation device types in the new system might have different weight limits compared to others in the same model. Be sure to check the label to confirm it’s the right fit for your weight and chest size before heading out on the water. 

  • Spotting old-style PFD and life preserver types? No problem—manufacturers may still produce models under the previous approval system. These will have the familiar Types and Intended Use labels. However, any new designs or significant updates will feature the revamped labeling system, making it easier to understand the different types of personal flotation devices available to you. 

  • Got a trusty old foam or inflatable personal flotation device? As long as it’s in good condition, personal flotation devices approved under the old system are still legal to use. 

  • Adventuring across borders? Remember that personal flotation device types approved under the old system by either the U.S. Coast Guard or Transport Canada are only legal in their respective waters. Knowing personal flotation device types and their regional approval can help you plan your journey better. 

Wondering how to fly with a PFD? We got you covered with our Flying with Your PFD resource.

With safety being a top priority on the water, it's important to understand the different types of personal flotation devices available to choose the right one for your needs. 

Understanding Personal Flotation Device Variations

Choosing the right personal flotation device depends on the activity and water conditions. Here's a breakdown of personal flotation devices to help you make the best choice.

What are Inflatable PFDs?

An inflatable personal flotation device is compact and lightweight, making it perfect for activities like fishing, sailing, and cruising. These personal flotation devices inflate automatically when submerged or can be manually activated. While they are great for comfort, these personal flotation devices are not ideal for high-performance or extreme water activities.

Shop our range of inflatable PFDs here

What are Foam PFDs?

Despite a large range of other, different types of personal flotation devices, foam PFDs are usually the most widely recognized. Often used in life jacket categories, they are ideal for rough water conditions or activities where there’s a higher chance of being submerged. If you're wondering, “what is a personal flotation device that doesn’t need activation?”, foam PFDs are the answer.

Shop our range of foam PFDs here

What are Hybrid PFDs?

Hybrid PFDs combine foam and inflatable technology, offering a unique option. These different types of personal flotation devices are versatile and comfortable, providing enhanced flotation while still maintaining some of the lightweight benefits of an inflatable personal flotation device.

Shop our Khimera Dual Flotation Hybrid PFD here

While understanding the different types of PFDs is crucial, real-life stories highlight just how essential they can be. In this next section we’ll do just that…

foam pfd vs inflatable pfd

Real World PFD Instances

In our very own community, a fishing trip off the coast of Amelia Island, Florida, turned into a life-threatening ordeal for Brayden, his grandpa Jamie Deonas, and a friend when a sudden storm capsized their boat. 

Thanks to their Mustang Survival PFDs, they survived two hours in the water during three storms before being rescued. For Jamie, a seasoned mariner, the experience was a powerful reminder of the importance of always wearing a life jacket on the water, highlighting how unpredictable and dangerous nature can be.

But PFDs aren't just for emergencies, our PFDs give confidence and peace of mind to boaters, anglers, kayakers, stand-up paddleboarders, and sailors. They allow them to fully enjoy their time on the water without worrying about their safety.

From exploring the Mi'kmaw'ki to serene summer canoe trips, wearing a personal flotation device empowers you to be in the moment no matter where you are.

We've clearly established the importance of PFDs, so you might be wondering where you should store extras, just in case you need to retrieve them quickly and efficiently.

In this next section, we have you covered.

Where Should PFDs Be Stored on a Boat?

First off, you should always be wearing a PFD, as they’re not for storage but actual use.

However, in the case of carriage-specific foam lifejackets, extras, or backups, we’ll discuss the best places to have them close at hand.

In a nutshell, to ensure safety, always keep PFDs in a readily accessible location. Storing them under heavy gear or in hard-to-reach compartments defeats their purpose during emergencies. 

Again, we suggest always wearing a PFD while on the water, but for carriage-specific foam lifejackets, we recommend storing them:

  • On Deck, Ready for Action: Keep your PFDs on deck, close to the cockpit or helm, so they’re always within arm’s reach when adventure takes an unexpected turn. 

  • By Cockpit Entrances/Exits: Whether you’re docking at a hidden cove or setting out into open waters, stash PFDs near every cockpit entrance and exit. Quick access means you’re always ready for whatever the sea throws your way. 

  • Spare PFDs for Guests: If you often have guests on your boat, it is wise to have spare PFDs available for them as well. This ensures that everyone on board has access to a properly-fitted and functional PFD in case of emergency.

How Do I Choose a PFD?

Activity Type

Your water activity plays a huge role in determining the right personal flotation devices.  For example, if you are planning on kayaking or canoeing, you will want a PFD that allows for maximum movement. On the other hand, if you are going for an extended trip, you may want to consider a more comfortable and adjustable option.

Above all, TC, USCG, and ISO distinctions will be able to tell you which vests are the minimum safety requirements.

Environment

Different environments will require different types of PFDs. For instance, if you are kayaking in a rapid river, you will want a PFD with more floatation and durability to withstand the potential impact with rocks and other obstacles. If you are paddleboarding on calm waters, a low-profile PFD may be more suitable for maximum comfort and movement.

Additionally, climate should also be considered when choosing a PFD. In colder temperatures, it is recommended to choose a PFD that offers insulation and warmth, while in warmer weather, breathability and cooling properties should be taken into account.

Fit and Comfort

Comfort is key when it comes to choosing personal flotation devices, especially if you plan on spending long periods of time on the water. 

A snug fit is important as it ensures that the PFD will stay in place during an emergency. Make sure to try on different sizes and styles to find the one that fits your body best.

Buoyancy

Buoyancy is a crucial factor when selecting personal flotation devices. The amount of buoyancy needed depends on your weight and level of activity. 

For example, if you are an experienced swimmer or participating in high-intensity water sports, you may want a PFD with more buoyancy. On the other hand, if you are a beginner or participating in calmer water activities, a PFD with less buoyancy may be suitable.

Kids PFD for water safety

Visibility

Personal flotation devices with bright colors, reflective strips, and whistles can improve visibility in low-light or choppy conditions. At Mustang Survival, we think of the small things for your loved ones, that's why our collection of Kids Life Jackets come with a grab loop that makes quick rescue possible, and reflective accents to ensure visibility

Need more information on how to choose the perfect PFD for you? Check out our resource on How to Choose A PFD and How to Keep Kids Afloat.

How Do I Re-arm My Inflatable Personal Floatation Device?

Re-arming your inflatable PFD is an essential process to ensure it’s ready for use after the CO2 cartridge has been deployed. To make this task easier, we’ve compiled a series of step-by-step videos tailored to specific Mustang Survival PFD models. 

These videos guide you through re-arming or converting your inflatable PFD, whether it’s an automatic, manual, or convertible version.

Check out the re-arm video for your Mustang Survival PFD model below:

Automatic & Manual Versions:

Convertible Versions:

PFD Inspection and Maintenance

How Do I Maintain My Personal Floatation Device?

Just like any other equipment, PFDs require regular maintenance and inspections to ensure they are in proper working condition. Here’s a handy Mustang Survival maintenance schedule. and perform a more thorough inspection at least once a year.

PFD Inspection and Maintenance Checklist

Before Every Use:

  • Check inflator service indicator:

    • Red: Re-arm device.

    • Green: May still need re-arming; verify as needed.

  • Inspect for damage (abrasion, tears, mildew, oil stains).

  • Check stitching, straps, and hardware.

  • Ensure closures (zippers, Hook & Loop tape) are secure.

  • Fasten waist belt and ensure it's not twisted.

  • Confirm oral inflation dust cap is stowed.

  • Ensure manual pull tab is accessible.

After Each Inflation:

Every Six (6) Months:

  • Leak Test: Orally inflate, leave 2-16 hours. Replace if leaking.

  • Deflate and repack per the owner's manual.

  • Check inflator service indicator:

    • Red: Re-arm device.

    • Green: Verify if re-arming is needed.

Annually:

  • Perform all "Every 6 Months" tasks.

  • Inspect all components for dirt/corrosion; clean/replace as needed.

  • Clean the PFD (see below).

  • Record inspection date on Care and Storage label.

Cleaning and Storage:

  • Hand wash with warm, soapy water. Do not submerge inflator.

  • Rinse with clean water, hang to dry on a plastic hanger.

  • Avoid dry-cleaning, bleach, or direct heat.

  • Store fully dried PFD in a dry, ventilated place out of sunlight.

It is important to regularly maintain and inspect your PFD to ensure it remains in good working condition. This will not only extend the life of your vest but also provide peace of mind knowing that it will function properly when needed.

In addition to regular inspections, it is also recommended to wash your PFD after each use according to the manufacturer's instructions. This will prevent any buildup of salt or other substances on the fabric, which could compromise its integrity.

When Should I Replace My PFD?

Replace Your PFD If:

  • It no longer fits properly 

  • It shows signs of damage or alterations 

  • You can't find the correct CO2 cartridge required for your PFD (if the specific canister is no longer available, the PFD becomes obsolete) 

If it's time to replace your PFD, explore our Inflatables Collection.

When Should I Replace My CO2 Cartridge?

Replace Your CO2 Cartridge If:

  • It has expired 

  • The indicator has turned red (from green) 

  • It shows signs of corrosion, dents, or rust 

To keep your PFD functioning properly, restock with a new cartridge from our Re-arm Collection.

Need more information on when to inspect your PFD? Check out our resource on PFD inspection and maintenance.

Wrapping Up: Choosing Safety, Made Simple

Whether you're a seasoned sailor, an angler, or someone who loves a leisurely paddle, having the right PFD or life jacket is essential for your safety, confidence, and experience on the water. Remember, safety never goes out of style.

Explore Mustang Survival's trusted range of innovative and high-performance PFDs, and get the protection you need for every adventure.

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